Plant bioreactors pdf

Chen, T. Chikwamba, R. Chong, D. Cramer, C. Da Cunha, N. Daniel, K. Daniell, H. De Jaeger, G. Desai, P. Desai, U. Deineko, E. Dieryck, W. Edelbaum, O. Interferon Res. Ershov, V. Fedorov, Yu. Flynn, J.

Fukuzawa, N. Gao, C. CAS Google Scholar. Gleba, Y. Gleba, Yu. Gradoboeva, A. SPbGU, Ser. Hellwig, S. Herrera-Estrella, L. Hiatt, A. Higo, K. Hood, E. Katokhin, A. Ketlinskii, S. Petersburg: Gippokrat, Key, S.

Kim, T. Bioprocess Eng. Kong, Q. Koprivova, A. Lambertz, C. Biofuels , , vol. Lamphear, B. Larrick, J. Luchakivskaya, Yu. Lutova, L. Petersburg: SPbGU, , 2nd ed. Ma, J. Mason, H. Matsumoto, S. McCormick, A. Merle, C. Miroshnikov, P. Noh, S. Nykiforuk, C. Obembe, O. Thus, transgenic plants, including edible plant parts are suggested as Accepted 31 March excellent alternatives for the production of vaccines and economic scale-up through cultivation. Efforts for further improvements in these technologies need to be directed mainly towards validation and applicability of plant-based standardized mucosal and edible vaccines, regulatory pharmacology, formulations and the development of commercially viable GLP protocols.

This article reviews the current status of developments in the area of use of plants for the development of vaccine antigens. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Selection of plant system. Selection of plant tissue. Selection of promoter. Role of adjuvant. Expression of vaccine antigens in plants. Stable expression in transgenic plants. Other potential vaccines. Transient transformation for rapid expression. Clinical trials. Conclusions and future prospects. E-mail addresses: rakeshtuli23 rediffmail.

Tiwari et al. Introduction tical uses like vaccines. Vaccination is the most demand for cheaper, safer and quality vaccines. Compartmentalization effective means to prevent infectious diseases.

More than 30 million of vaccine antigens in plant cell, tissue or organ can provide it a children in the world are not immunized against treatable or protective covering. This can facilitate transportation without expensive preventable diseases www. Such edible encapsulation protects the tion are technologically complex and expensive. Specialized require- antigen through the mucosal and gut systems to allow its absorption.

Currently used commercially important protein in plants substantially less than mammalian cell line based vaccine manufacturing requires large other systems. These factors limit their scale up and thus, Large biomass can be obtained easily without high investment global availability. These problems are also equally important for the Kusnadi et al. A fresh thinking is Yonekura-Sakakibara and Saito, The cost of goods sold COGS required to make vaccine development, manufacture and delivery for bulk production of recombinant protein in plants has been simpler and affordable.

Therefore it is economically sound to use transgenic helped in the development of new strategies for the production of plants for antigen production. A variety of gene expression and protein subunit vaccines. These comprised of proteins derived from patho- localization systems now available for plants allows stable accumula- genic viruses, bacteria or parasites. Although mammals, their tissues tion of the recombinant proteins in target plant tissue.

Toxins, infectious bioreactors for large scale production of pharmaceutically important agents and other noxious compounds get carried in animal cell based proteins. Expression of recombinant proteins are discussed. Chen et al. As a major alternative, plants are Genetic transformation methods are then utilized for introducing the emerging as a promising system to express and manufacture a wide gene in the target plant species Fig.

A plant ideal for oral vaccine range of functionally active proteins of high value to health industry. Compared to expression systems. The expression of vaccine convenient storage, economic delivery and mucosal immune antigens in plants such as apple, banana, tomato and guava fruits , response. Currently, it is widely accepted that this original concept was rather 3. Selection of plant tissue naive mainly because of two reasons.

First, different fruits from the same plant express different levels of antigens and therefore it is crucial to Expression of antigen in edible tissue offers a convenient and make plant-derived vaccine by using pools of fruits with homogeneous inexpensive source to deliver a vaccine.

Expression of commercially antigen concentration vaccine dose. In general, at least a minimum important proteins in leaf tissue is not a good strategy Stevens et al. Steps in the production of plant-derived vaccine antigens. Selection of promoter handling large volume and biomass. The expression levels of plant-derived bio-pharmaceuticals need One of the most important aspects in molecular bio-farming is the to be increased before commercial production can be accomplished selection of promoter to achieve high level expression of the antigen Daniell et al.

The choice of promoters affects transgene transcription, basis. Seed tissue represents and constitutive expression.

High level protein expression is essential potentially a very promising target for producing pharmaceutically to develop economically competitive plant-based process for cultiva- important proteins for extraction at commercial level. However, expres- Single chain antibodies expressed in seeds of rice and wheat showed sion in tissues other than the target organ to be used for preparation of high biological activities and remained stable for several years Stoger the vaccine antigen is an avoidable drain on plant resources.

In this et al. Thus, the proteins expressed in seeds are highly stable. Rich mix of chaperones Chen et al. Using CaMV35S promoter, expression levels of about 0. While the modern recombinant vaccines, particularly the protein in tobacco seeds.

Although aluminum protein can give more than hundred fold higher total yield of the salts are the most commonly used adjuvant for human vaccines, they target antigen per unit area as compared to the expression in leaf are weak and have complex mechanisms that favor induction of Table 1.

New forms of vaccine reported by expressing transgenes in chloroplasts. One acre of adjuvants that have been proposed for various vaccines feature oil- chloroplast transgenic tobacco plants have been estimated to produce based emulsions; bacterial products Vibrio cholarae toxin B subunit, up to million doses of anthrax vaccine antigens Koya et al.

Table 1 gives hold the antigen in an appropriate conformation. Therefore it is often expressing vaccine antigen in chloroplasts, leaves and seeds, taking necessary to devise methods to reduce or eliminate the reactogenic peanut groundnut as a model plant. The most effective comprise one dose of a vaccine, it should be possible to vaccinate use of adjuvants for certain types of vaccines, particularly for million individuals from one acre produce, using seed-based stimulating mucosal immunity, may be to combine the adjuvant expression system!

An amazingly impressive possibility, worth a with a particular mode of delivery, such as oral, intranasal, or serious attempt, even if the calculations needs tens of fold correction transcutaneous immunization.

The immune response after passage through the mucosal and gut route. M cells take up antigens that enter the small intestine rice seed protein bodies Nochi et al. If white blood cells helper T lymphocytes recognize the fragments as foreign, they 5. Role of adjuvant induce B lymphocytes B cells to secrete neutralizing antibodies and initiate other strategies against the perceived enemy. The V. The addition of adjuvants to vaccines sustains and directs are potent mucosal immunogens and adjuvants.

They both bind the immunogenicity and modulates appropriate immune responses. This ushers foreign antigen into the M cells. By Table 1 fusing antigens to this subunit, it is possible to improve uptake of Estimated economics of scale for expression of vaccine antigens in leaves, seeds and antigens by M cells and enhance immune responses.

The carrier chloroplasts. Work is in progress to examine if the transgenic iv Total seed biomass per plant 60 g peanut seeds give active protection against rabies virus and V. Level of target 0. Stable expression in transgenic plants b. Target protein in plant 1. Target protein per acre Antigen dozes per acre 4. We reported CTB expression in tobacco leaves to transformation transformation based expression 0.

Li et al. Sharma et al. Jiang et al. He et al. They observed that E8 promoter tightly regulated et al. Another transgene can be introduced in previously to increase expression. Nochi et al. Judicious vaccine for cholera. A number of published reports on stable mucosal IgA antibodies with neutralizing activity. Rice-expressed CTB expression of antigen s are summarized in Table 3.

In some of them, was stable and maintained immunogenicity at room temperature for protection against the targeted disease has been reported in animal more than 1. Therefore, the development of vaccine in edible models. Some of the distinct success stories are as follows. We reported Mishra et al. From the higher caused by V. It remains a threat in developing countries molecular mass of plant-expressed CTB published in earlier works, we where access to safe drinking water and proper sanitation is not interpreted that the bacterial protein expressed in those cases was available.

The structure of cholera toxin CT is typical of the A—B also likely to be glycosylated. The results suggest the need for subunit group of toxins in which B subunit serves to bind the pharmacokinetic and biosafety studies on vaccine antigens expressed holotoxin to the eukaryotic cell receptor and A subunit possesses a in plant systems.

The mature B subunit contains amino acids with a subunit mass of The 6. Yang, ; Dawson, Since the cholera toxin is internalized which is a toxic subunit of 27 kDa and the other is heat labile toxin B by the receptors present on mucosal lining, the CTB was one of the LTB which exists as a non-toxic doughnut-shaped pentamer of early toxins selected for testing the concept of edible vaccines.

Further, Hence, epithelial cells Tsuji et al. LTB is a potent mucosal immunogen its feasibility for developing vaccine anbtigen has been examined by and is commonly used as an adjuvant to stimulate antibody response, expressing the gene in plants both by transformation in to when co-expressed with other antigens.

LTB and its genetic fusions chloroplastic and nuclear genome. Mason et al. They expressed synthetic formed in chloroplast, showing expression level as high as 4. Chikwamba et al. The tobacco leaves expressed CTB protein at 0. Thus, the fusion maize-synthesized LTB stimulated a protective immune response protein retained its native form.

Moravec et al. Rigano et al. Both protein in soybean seeds. The expression of HBsAg antigen in other plant stability of active heterologous protein. Soybean-based LTB is based systems such as tobacco cell line suspension culture Sojikul assembled correctly into pentamers that were bound to GM1, and et al.

Recently Rosales-Mendoza et al. Other potential vaccines oral LT as well as CT challenge. Many other antigens have been designed for optimal expression in different tissues of plants. Although, most of these have not been 6.

Surface antigen HBsAg of Hepatitis B virus tested for immune response, yet they possess a good prospect for use Hepatitis B virus HBV is a major cause of acute and chronic as vaccines against many infectious diseases.

Some of the genes hepatitis. The current HBV vaccine is follows. First report on the development of hepatitis vaccine in calcium response virulent antigen V against plague; plants was published by Mason et al. However, low expression levels Some of the published reports related to stable antigen expression of only upto 0. The in different plant tissues are mentioned below. HBsAg has been expressed in lupin Lupinus luteus L. Human volunteers, fed with transgenic leaves and potato tubers were in the form of nm Norwalk virus-like lettuce plants expressing hepatitis B virus surface antigen also particles.

Shchelkunov et al. Dried antibody for rNV. Plant based oral vaccine against the two viruses elicited immune children and animals. Recently, Qian et al. The oral delivery of antigen in mice with the truncated C-terminus of HBsAg protein. Humeral and mucosal seeds and highest expression level reported was to This recombinant SS1 protein induced generation transformed potato tubers. He observed in serum IgG and fecal IgA between the mice fed with the et al.

The E8 promoter regulated expression many generations. Their results suggest that E8 promoter might act in HPV. Banana fruit has also been used for the preventive vaccine as it is the third most common cancer among expression of HBsAg. Since bananas are propagated through suckers women worldwide.

Human papilloma-virus-like particles HPV VLPs and do not set seeds, this plant is a suitable candidate for gene have shown considerable response as a vaccine for the prevention of containment with no segregation of the transgene.

Kumar et al. Warzecha et al. Nathan, Kohl economic losses in the commercial poultry industry. The traditional et al. The development of plant-derived vaccine plant and insect cell-derived VLPs displayed similar antigenic antigens that could be easily delivered with water or diet is highly properties.

Yang et al. The mice immunized intraper- whooping cough and tetanus. Soria-Guerra et al. The generated transgenic tomato plants expressing an optimized synthetic commercially available attenuated vaccine is heat-labile. It needs to be gene encoding a polypeptide with epitopes of the DPT exotoxins under maintained in cold chain. Thus, in hot regions where rinderpest is the control of CaMV35S promoter. Therefore, the successful expression of a multi-component DPT subunit vaccine.

Khandelwal However, challenge experiments were not reported. The system, is caused by rabies virus, which enters the body through the CaMV35S expressed H protein at 0. Development of bite of an infected animal. Dodet estimated that 55, human plant-derived vaccine antigens based on transgenic forage crops, such deaths occur per year from rabies worldwide.

Most of these were in as alfalfa and peanut commonly used in the diet of domestic animals case of children. Highest incidence of rabies virus infections was found is desirable. Effective anti-rabies vaccines are available in Bacillus anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax considered to be the market but they are very expensive. The rabies virus surface one of the most potent bio-terror agents, as B. Anthracis spores can be glycoprotein G protein and nucleoprotein N protein antigens have transmitted by aerosolization.

The stable vaccine antigen expression been used for expression in plants to induce immuno-protection. The has been reported in transgenic tobacco, potato and tomato plants G protein has been considered as the major antigen responsible for the Aziz et al. The N protein is recognized as the et al. The tobacco-made vaccine antigen was biologically active main immunomodulator which provides partial protection against as was demonstrated through its ability to lyse a macrophage cell line rabies virus.

McGarvey et al. Also, under the control of CaMV35S promoter in tomato. A synthetic gene mice immunized with the tomato-expressed antigens generated coding for the G protein of rabies virus was designed and expressed in lethal toxin neutralizing antibodies Aziz et al.

For the tobacco leaves in our laboratory Ashraf et al. The tobacco leaf- production of an edible anthrax vaccine, Kim et al. When given by intraper- potato plants expressing detectable amount of cholera toxin B- itoneal route, it provided immuno-protection against the virus subunit—anthrax LF conjugate fusion protein. Later, vaccine antigen challenge in mice.

Arango et al. Subcutaneous immunization of mice with protein. Oral delivery of inactivated rabies virus has survived challenge with lethal doses of toxin. Two Y. These two proteins were successfully and rapidly Marquet-Blouin et al. The as a oral subunit vaccine. The vaccine elicited IgG1 in serum and hemagglutinin H glycoprotein is the principal target of neutralizing mucosal IgA in fecal pellets Alvarez et al. In a different study, and protective antibodies against measles.

The maximum expression levels of the fusion protein Immunization of mice with leaf or root extracts induced high titers of were observed in mature leaves and were as high as Muller et al. Measles antigens expressed enveloped virus EEV are the best molecular candidates for the in plants have been shown to be both antigenic and immunogenic development of a smallpox vaccine. The antigen was produced in after invasive and oral vaccination. Newcastle disease virus NDV is one Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of the nuclear genome and of the most grievous pathogens affecting all species of birds and can biolistic transformation of the plastome.

Also, the transgenic lines et al. The plant-optimized avidin coding sequence was Poirier, and, therefore, peroxisomes are attractive targets for the expressed in maize. The resultant avidin had properties almost production of PHAs. Using RAVAL residues encoding sequence at the identical to those of avidin from the chicken egg white. The pI, Ki carboxy terminal, Pha gene products were targeted to peroxisomes and antigenic properties were also identical Hood et al.

Trypsin is a proteolytic enzyme that is used in a variety of et al. There is a need for further improvements in PHB commercial applications, including the processing of some biophar- production in plants, aimed at higher accumulation without any side maceuticals. Although trypsin has been expressed in a variety of effects on plants. Expression of this enzyme at 6.

Regulatory aspects commercially viable levels in maize was possible only by expressing the enzyme in an inactive zymogen form Horn et al. The dragline silk produced by the spider Nephila clavipes to environment and human health.

Transgenic tobacco and potato risks, certain environmentalists and consumers are still not convinced plants expressing recombinant dragline silk protein were generated. Smyth and Phillips, Several other products have been produced in regulators Streiffer and Hedemann, The regulation of pharmaceutical crops is in its infancy and xylanases, amylase, laccase, glucanases and transglutaminases there are several challenges ahead for the regulatory agencies.

There is a Akama et al. There is a requirement to regulate the pharmaceutical crops on case by case basis. The regulatory 5. These are reviewed recently Spok, ; Spok et al. A Shimao, Biodegradable plastics seem to be a viable alternative variety of approaches including physical containment as well as genetic to synthetic plastics.

The biodegradable materials can undergo strategies like seed sterility, maternal inheritance, male sterility, decomposition into carbon dioxide, methane, water, inorganic selective elimination by engineering sensitivity to chemicals, etc.

Lee and Natesan, ; Lin et al. Plants have technically unavoidable European Parliament, For the plant- been engineered to produce PHAs or PHBs in the various plant cell made substances other than pharmaceuticals that do not pose compartments John and Keller, ; Matsumoto et al. Another important issue is to label the GM ; Slater et al. In order to empower the consumer to select between GM and et al. For the economic feasibility of non-GM products, labeling could be an option.

Various approaches used to improve the production levels have required information. Alternatively, information domains can be built been reviewed, recently Suriyamongkol et al. When PHB that can provide the essential information related to GM content of expression was targeted to the cytoplasm, these accumulated to a very product to the consumer. Also a system that could trace the product in low level and transgenic plants showed growth defects Hahn et al. To increase the and surveillance would be practical Smyth and Phillips, But defects in plant growth and metabolism were associated with their expression.

In order to reduce the associated negative 7. The seed size, Production of recombinant proteins in plants offers many practical, germination rate as well as oil production were found to be normal. Product name Company name Plant system Commercial name Catalog no. According to SemBioSys, in its July press But to produce 3 g human serum albumin HAS or 2 g lactoferrin or 1.

Technical pdf. Bardor et al. Immune system attack can com. Plant mole- make the drug ineffective and may trigger allergic reactions. Several plant-produced bio- hundreds of other molecules are present is another problem. There is molecules have been commercialized Table 1. The regulating agencies chain need to be addressed.

The use of non-food crops is another possibility to address aphis. The number of release permits transgenic products Ma et al. It is also felt that contamina- is 10 till July The area of planting crops producing pharmaceu- tion is inevitable at commercial scale. In , ac area was proposed for transgenic crops pharmaceutical contaminants Spok, For ac land, permits were In human clinical trials performed using plant-derived antigen withdrawn. Similarly, only ac land was planted with transgenic proteins, dose escalation regimens have not been used which is crops as against ac proposed land in The risk assessment of actually the standard design for phase I vaccine trials Kirk et al.

Oral tolerance is another issue which is associated with the oral delivery of vaccine 8. Opportunities and challenges antigens. Autoantigens have been delivered orally in the past to produce oral tolerance Arakawa et al. Although the antigen doses tions. There is an expectancy and life quality. The products commercialized from Ventria Bioscience ing, monitoring and surveillance.

Commercial status animal-derived growth factor. The product is commercialized and is available with InVitria product number LAC and Sigma-Aldrich The molecular farming industry is still in its infancy, but is growing product number L This industry comprises just a few dozen companies, most of lysozyme, is a bacterial cell lysis agent, which is also used in diagnostic which are involved in early research and development.

A few have taken applications, bioprocessing and life science research. It is four times more lead in producing therapeutic and other important proteins in transgenic active than chicken lysozyme, a common animal-derived cell lysis agent crops.

Major players that are developing transgenic plant-based products for lysing Micrococcus and E. Aldrich product number L A vaccine based on HN protein of dowagro. However, increasing number of major drug of institutions and organizations involved in plant molecular farming companies is utilizing transgenic plants as an essential component of their research and development worldwide.

Transgenic plants offer several advantages over advanced stage of development Table 2. Some products have already other technologies, including the ability to increase the scale of production been commercialized and are listed in Table 1.

ProdiGene Inc. It ; Stoger et al. The transgenic corn response otherwise. Some technical problems remain to be solved. The plant-produced human therapeutic that of transgenic animals or animal cells Chen et al. Avidin is a glycoprotein and primarily a diagnostic reagent. Other challenges that The transgenic corn derived avidin has been commercialized and the need attention are increasing yield, removing processing bottlenecks and product is being sold by Sigma-Aldrich, product number A Horn et addressing bio-safety and acceptability issues.

Facing a looming crisis in al. Plant-derived vaccines and antibodies: potential and limitations. Vaccine ;—6. Several approaches have Artnzen CJ. Edible vaccines. Public Health Rep ;—7. High level these issues Bakker et al. J Biotechnol ; Corrado and Karali, ; Fujiyama et al. Transformation of an ; Strasser et al. As plant cell cultures edible crop with the pagA gene of Bacillus anthracis.

FEBS Lett ;—8. Appl Microbiol In the near future, it is expected to provide a captive new market for Biotechnol ;—7. Galactose- many agricultural products. A few transgenic plant-derived products like extended glycans of antibodies produced by transgenic plants.

An the potentials of molecular farming in plants to compete in an already antibody produced in tobacco expressing a hybrid beta-1, 4-galactosyltransferase is essentially devoid of plant carbohydrate epitopes. Many more products are on the verge of commercia- ;— Key for success of transgenic in mammals of two typical plant glyco-epitopes, core alpha 1, 3 -fucose and core xylose.

Glycobiology ;— Co-regulation of two gene activities by very important with regard to economics, because it affects cost of tetracycline via a bidirectional promoter. Nucl Acid Res ;—6. The expression of a nopaline synthase — human growth hormone chimaeric gene in that attempts would be made towards higher levels of expression. Plant Mol Biol ;— Plant molecular farming: opportunities and challenges.

The Crit Rev Biotechnol ;— Molecular basis for allelic polymorphism of the maize globulin-1 full realization and impact of the aforementioned developments, however, gene. Genetics ;— Production of mouse developmental activities, but also on a favorable regulatory climate and adiponectin, an anti-diabetic protein, in transgenic sweet potato plants.

J Plant Physiol ;— Molecular and genetic analyses of transgenic plants: considera- be an important methodology for the future. Plant Sci ;— Boehm R. Bioproduction of therapeutic proteins in the 21st century and the role of plants and plant cells as production platforms.

Ann N Y Acad Sci ;— A transient transformation system for Biotechnology, Government of India. J Appl Bot ;— We thank Professor Akhilesh K. Transgenic Ara- for critical readings of the manuscript. Planta ;—5. The tale of tail-anchored proteins: coming from References the cytosol and looking for a membrane. J Cell Biol ;—9. Nat Biotechnol ;—6. J Biotechnol ;— Theor Appl Genet ;— Introns and their positions affect the translational a decrease in blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Transgenic Res activity of mRNA in plant cells. EMBO Rep ;—8. Scaffold tomatoes resulting from the heterologous expression of the maize transcription attachment regions increase reporter gene expression in stably transformed plant factor genes LC and C1. Plant Cell ;— High- phytases in transgenic wheat Triticum aestivum L. J Agric Food Chem ;— Plant J ;—9. Approaches to minimize variation enhanced levels of seed protein methionine.

Mol Breed ;— Stable high- methionine content of seed proteins by the expression of a chimeric gene level transgene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana using gene silencing mutants and encoding a methionine-rich protein in transgenic plants. Plant Mol Biol matrix attachment regions. Generation of transgenic maize with fruit with health-promoting anthocyanins by expression of select transcription enhanced provitamin A content.

J Exp Bot ;— Nat Biotechnol ;—8. Chromosoma ;— N-Glycosylation of a mouse IgG expressed in transgenic tobacco plants. Occurrence, metabolism, metabolic role, and industrial uses of Glycobiology ;— Microbiol Rev ;— Expression of cholera toxin B subunit for sustainable production of industrial and nutritional feedstocks: solving oligomers in transgenic potato plants.

Transgenic Res ;— Curr Opin Plant Biol ;— Introns increase gene expression in cultured maize cells. Synthesis of a cholera toxin B subunit-rotavirus NSP4 structure, localization and expression of their promoters in transgenic tobacco. Plant Cell Rep ;—8. J Biol Chem ;— Amino Acids compartments of wheat endosperm. Plant Physiol ;— Critical Rev in Plant Sci ; Increased nutritive value of transgenic potato by and mannose selection systems. Plant Biotechnol J ;— Serological differentiation of 20 isolates of tomato spotted wilt virus.

A murine monoclonal resembling T-DNA integration. Plant J ;— Overexpression of the Bt cry2Aa2 operon in immunogenic in mice. Nat Biotechnol ; 71—4. The plantibody approach: polarity in the expression from a multifactorial bidirectional promoter designed for expression of antibody genes in plants to modulate plant metabolism or to obtain high-level expression of transgenes in plants.

Chebolu S, Daniell H. Boosting transgenic chloroplasts and immunogenicity in mice towards vaccine development heterologous protein production in transgenic dicotyledonous seeds using Pha- for amoebiasis. Plant Biotechnol J ;—9. Chen GF, Inouye M. Escherichia coli genes. Nucl Acid Res ;— Plant J tomato fruit expressing VP1 protein from enterovirus Vaccine a;— Direct evidence for rapid processing: the future of producing therapeutic proteins in transgenic plants.

Plant Sci b;— Organization of ripening and ethylene regulatory regions gamma in transgenic rice cell suspension cultures. Functional analysis of regulatory elements in a plant ;—7. Ectopic expression of a soybean phytase in developing seeds resveratrol in plants. Plant Biotechnol J ; A functional alkaline phosphatase as carriers for oral vaccines. Infect Immun ;— Transgenic Res ; crops?

Nat Biotechnol ;—5. Increasing tryptophan synthesis in a alfalfa protects mice against rotavirus infection.

Virology ;— Development of anthranilate synthase ASA2 gene. Maize polyubiquitin genes: structure, thermal cultivated tobacco. BMC Genomics ; European Parliament. Transgenic canola and plants. Biotechnol Bioeng ;— Biotechnology N Y ;— Agrobacterium-mediated genetic composition in tomato Lycopersicon esculentum by expression of a borage delta6- transformation of grapevine Vitis vinifera L. Mol Biotechnol ;—8. Assaying genome-wide recombination and cen- — Biotechnol Prog ;— Inducible gene expression systems and plant biotechnology.

Vaccine ;—8. Nat Biotechnol ; —7. Anal Biochem ;—8. Plant-based production of production of gene products in plants and plant cell cultures. Curr Opin Plant Biol ;—8. Patent Plant J ; Bioproduction of human enzymes in transgenic tobacco. Ann N Y Acad Sci Improved plant-based production of E1 tubulin expression. Planta ;— Mol Fogher C. A synthetic polynucleotide coding for human lactoferrin, vectors, cells and Breeding ;— The effects of enhanced methionine synthesis on amino WO BMC Plant Biol ; Expression of the native cholera toxin B subunit proteins in eukaryotic algae.

Expert Opin Biol Ther ;— Evaluation of Biol a;—9. Expression of rat beta 1, 4 -N-acetylglucosaminyltransfer- transgenic chloroplasts and evaluation of structural identity and function.

Plant Biotechnol ; Biotechnol J ;— Sorting of phaseolin to the vacuole is biopharmaceuticals and edible vaccines in plants. Trends Plant Sci b;— Assembly, secretion, and level constitutive foreign gene expression in plants using an AMV RNA4 vacuolar delivery of a hybrid immunoglobulin in plants. Plant Physiol ; untranslated leader sequence. Change in glycosylation pattern with Hohn B, Puchta H. Some like it sticky: targeting of the rice gene Waxy. Trends Plant Sci extension of endoplasmic reticulum retention signal sequence of mouse antibody ;—3.

High-level production of — Genetic, molecular and genomic approaches to irregulare. Crit Rev Plant Sci ;— Plant functionally synergistic regulators of translation. Gene ;—8. Biotechnology J ;— Commercial potato and expression of its promoter in transgenic plants. Plant Mol Biol ; production of avidin from transgenic maize: characterization of transformant, — Monoclonal antibody manufacturing in transgenic activity of a stress and developmentally regulated polyubiquitin-encoding gene of plants—myths and realities.

Curr Opin Biotechnol ;—5. Nicotiana tabacum. Gene ;— Plant molecular farming: systems and products. Homologous recombination Plant Cell Rep ;— EMBO Rep ;— Successful oral prime- hydroxybutyrate production in oilseed leukoplasts of Brassica napus. Planta immunization with VP60 from rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus produced in ;— A quantitative safety assessment model for transgenic protein — J Agric Environ Ethics ;— A comparison of strategies to stabilize Huang AHC.

Oil bodies and oleosins in seeds. Biochemistry ;—7. Goepfert S, Poirier Y. Beta-oxidation in fatty acid degradation and beyond. Production of human serum albumin by sugar Plant Biol ;— Transgenic Res a;— Plant-derived measles virus subunit vaccine produced in planta confers protection in mice.

Proc Natl Acad Sci hemagglutinin protein induces neutralizing antibodies in mice. Vaccine ; USA ;—9. Virus-like problems, solutions and opportunities. Trends Biotechnol ;— The C- Vaccine b; —8. Rapid, high-level endoplasmic reticulum ER but promotes vacuolar targeting of proteins that production of hepatitis B core antigen in plant leaf and its immunogenicity in mice.

Vaccine ;— Gomord V, Faye L. Human-derived, Opin Plant Biol ;— Vaccine Green PJ. Control of mRNA stability in higher plants. Inducible expression in plants by virus-mediated transgene translation initiator codon on gene expression in plant protoplasts. Plant Mol Biol activation.

Transgenic Res b;— Engineering plants with increased disease resistance: how are we a means to increase protein accumulation in plant cells. J Exp Bot ;—9. James E, Lee JM. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol ;— Gomez-Lim MA.

Expression of cholera tomato plants. Studies on the contributes to the poor expression of the Bacillus thuringiensis cry3Ca1 gene in immunogenic potential of plant-expressed cholera toxin B subunit. Plant Cell Rep transgenic potato plants.

Mol Gen Genet ;—8. Transcriptional regulation of a patatin-1 gene in uptake, and expression of the Alcaligenes eutrophus poly beta-hydroxybutyrate potato. Plant Mol Biol ; Cholera toxin B protein in transgenic tomato ;— Expression and synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates in transgenic plants.

Transgenic Res , doi Metabolic pathway engineering in cotton: biosynthesis of bacterial antigen produced in transgenic plants. Science ;—6. Transport of ricin and mouth disease virus protein VP1 fused with cholera toxin B subunit in the potato 2S albumin precursors to the storage vacuoles of Ricinus communis endosperm Solanum tuberosum.

Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces ;— Review of methodologies and a protocol for the Agrobac- and antioxidant capacity in transgenic pear shoots overexpressing apple spermi- terium-mediated transformation of wheat. Plant Methods ; Context sequences of translation initiation codon — Expression of the hepatitis B tuberosum tubers synthesize the full spectrum of inulin molecules naturally surface S and preS2 antigens in tubers of Solanum tuberosum.

Plant Cell Rep occurring in globe artichoke Cynara scolymus roots. Kaiser J. Is the drought over for pharming? Science ;—5. Hemleben V, Zentgraf U. Production of polymerase I of plant nuclear ribosomal RNA genes. In: Nover L, editor. Results and arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids in plants using bryophyte fatty acid Delta6- problems in cell differentiation — plant promoters and transcription factors, vol. Biochem ;— A soybean Glycine max drought stresses.

Ectopic expression of serotonin N- Plant Cell Rep ;— Production of antibodies in transgenic plants. Nature amides in transgenic tomato tissues. Sci Hortic ;— Transgene copy number can be positively or ichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin in tobacco chloroplasts. Protein Expr Purif negatively associated with transgene expression. Expression of synthetic neutralizing epitope of omega3-very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid production by an exclusively porcine epidemic diarrhea virus fused with synthetic B subunit of Escherichia coli acyl-CoA-dependent pathway.

Protein Expr Purif a;— Scaffold-associated regions: cis-acting neutralizing epitope of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus by a tobacco mosaic virus- determinants of chromatin structural loops and functional domains. Curr Opin based vector. Protein Expr Purif b;— Genet Dev ;— Increasing maize seed methionine by mRNA stability. Plant J tobacco using ubiquitin promoter and bar gene as a selectable marker. Mol ;— Biotechnol b; Edible vaccines: current status and future. Mass production of somatic Indian J Med Microbiol ; Plant seeds as bioreactors for recombinant protein production.

J Biotechnol c;—